Discussion on thoughts and methods for treatment of diabetic nephropathy by TCM according to inflammatory pathogenesis / 中国中西医结合杂志

Aim of this article was to investigate relationship between inflammatory pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy and the TCM pathogenetic theory of Shen-Collateral impaired by Toxin, and to illustrate the method for removing toxin, activating collateral and protecting Shen can be an effective treatment for inhibiting the inflammatory pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy.

Effect of combined therapy of xiaoke shen'an capsule and western medicine in diabetic nephropathy / 中国中西医结合杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the therapeutic effect of xiaoke shen' an capsule on diabetic nephropathy.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Ninety patients with diabetic nephropathy were randomly divided into two groups, the patients in the control group (CG) were treated with conventional western medicine, and those in the treated group (TG) were treated with combined therapy of xiaoke shen'an capsule and conventional western medicine. The treatment course of both groups was 8 weeks, and the therapeutic effect related indexes were measured before and after treatment.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The curative rate was 85.0% and 73.3% in CG and TG respectively, it was better in TG than that in CG (P < 0.05). Indexes such as fasting blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, blood pressure, quantity of 24h urinary protein, urinary albumin excretion rate, renal function, blood lipids and hemoreheologic parameters were significantly different before and after treatment in TG (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). As compared with CG, some of these indexes after treatment were superior to those in CG (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Combined therapy of xiaoke shen'an capsule and conventional western medicine has definite therapeutic effect on diabetic nephropathy.</p>

The Association of Subjective Stress, Urinary Catecholamine Concentrations and PC Game Room Use and Musculoskeletal Disorders of the Upper Limbs in Young Male Koreans

The use of PCs can cause health problems, including musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) of the upper limbs. This study was performed to investigate whether using PCs in PC game rooms may induce MSDs of the upper limbs. 284 young male Koreans were included. A self-administered, structured questionnaire was used to gather information about game room use, perceived subjective stress, and the symptoms related to MSDs. Urinary concentrations of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine were measured in spot urine. The symptom prevalence of MSDs of the upper limbs increased according to the increase of the duration of game room use. The intensity of perceived subjective stress showed a significant dose-response relationship with the frequency of MSDs symptoms in neck and shoulder areas. However, the urinary level of catecholamines was not significantly correlated with the symptom prevalence of MSDs in the upper limbs. These findings suggest that using PCs in game rooms produce physical stress on the upper limbs, strong enough to induce MSDs.

Effects of Environmental Carcinogens and Genetic Polymorphisms of CYP2E1 and NAT2 on Gastric Carcinogenesis

PURPOSE: This study was performed to investigate the effects of environmental factors, genetic polymor phisms of cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) and N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2), and their interactions on mutations of p53 and Ki-ras genes in Korean stomach cancer. METHODS: One hundred nine stomach cancer patients and 211 age- and sex-matched controls were enrolled in this study. Direct interview with a structured questionnaire was performed to get informations on the level of exposure to environmental factors. For genotyping of the metabolic enzymes, PCR-RFLP methods were used. RT-PCR and direct sequencing were carried out to detect mutations in the p53 and the Ki-ras genes of stomach cancer tissue. To evaluate the risk of stomach cancer, we calculated odds ratios for environmental and genetic factors, and their combinations. RESULTS: Past medical histories of gastritis, diabetes and asthma allergic rhinitis were significant risk factors for stomach cancer. Fried potatoes, squid and octopus, welsh onions and chestnuts and gingkonuts had protective effects against stomach cancer. On the contrary, chicken, soybean paste stew, and soybean milk were significantly related to an increased stomach cancer risk. The NAT2 rapid acetylator turned out to be a marginally significant risk factor for gastric cancer. Mutations of the p53 and the Ki-ras genes were detected in 27.5% and 10.7% of stomach cancer tissues, respectively. Frizzled rice, potato, beef, lard, pickled fish, chicken stew, anchovies, tempura, Welsh onions, eggs, bean-curd, Qing-style soybean paste stew, and ice cream were protective against p53 mutation whereas yogurt was a risk factor for p53 mutation in stomach cancer tissue. Ki-ras mutation was associated with less intake of pears and persimmons, melons, strawberries, grapes and milk and with more intake ofsoybean paste stew. In a multiple logistic analysis including genetic polymorphism, past medical history and diet intake, past history of gastritis, chicken, soybean paste stew, and soybean milk were significant risk factors for stomach cancer whereas past history of diabetes, squid and octopus, and Welsh onions were protective factors against stomach cancer. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that past medical history and diet are more important risk factors for stomach cancer than genetic polymorphism and that mutations of the p53 and the Ki-ras genes would be induced by the respective risk factors.

The Risk of Gastric Cancer in Koreans according to Smoking, Drinking, Diet, and the Genetic Polymorphisms of Glutathione S-Transferases and L-myc Protooncogene / 대한암학회지

PURPOSE: This study was performed to investigate the interaction of genetic polymorphisms of glutathione S-transferases and L-myc proto-oncogene with smoking, drinking, and dietary factors in the carcinogenesis of gastric cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two hundred and four gastric cancer patients and 1:1 matched hospital controls were the study subjects. They were interviewed with a questionnaire including alcohol consumption, smoking and dietary habit. We investigated genetic polymorphisms of GSTM1, GSTT1 and L-myc genes using PCR-RFLP techniques. RESULTS: Smoking and soybean paste stew were risk factors and doughnut, fried potato, welsh onion, rice cake, seaweed, slices of raw fish, melon, tomato, garlic and onion were protective factors of gastric cancer. The odds ratios of some food items changed significantly according to the genotypes; green vegetables and pork according to the GSTM1 genotype; pork, soybean curd, steamed or hard-boiled soybean and welsh onion according to the GSTT1 genotype; rice cake and garlic according to the L-myc proto-oncogene genotype. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the genetic polymorphisms of GSTM1, GSTT1 and L-myc genes might modify the effects of environmental factors on gastric cancer possibly by engaging in the metabolism of food, alcohol and cigarette smoke.

Effects of occupation, life style and genetic polymorphism of CYP1A1, GSTM1, and GSTT1 on urinary 1-hydroxypyrene and 2-naphthol concentration / 대한산업의학회지

OBJECTIVES: This study was performed to describe the distribution patterns of urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) and 2naphthol concentration in coke oven workers and workers not occupationally exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and to determine the effects of occupation life style, and genetic polymorphism of cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1), glutathione Stransferase mu 1 (GSTM1) and theta 1 (GSTT1) on urinary 1- OHP and 2-naphthol concentration. METHODS: The study subjects were 19 coke oven workers and 156 shipyard workers. A questionnaire was used to obtain data about detailed smoking and food intake history. Urinary 1OHP and 2naphthol concentration and genetic polymorphism of CYPIA1, GSTM1, and GSTT1 were analyzed. RESULTS: The urinary 1-OHP and 2-naphthol concentration was higher in the coke oven workers and in smokers. Urinary 1-OHP concentration was significantly correlated with time after last intake of roasted meat in non-smoking coke oven workers, whereas urinary 2-naphthol concentration was with amount of cigarette smoking at the sampling day in smoking shipyard workers. Urinary 1-OHP, but not 2-naphthol, concentration of the shipyard workers with Ile/Ile type of CYP1A1 vas significantly lower than that of the shipyard workers with other CYP1A1 genotype. CONCLUSIONS: Urinary 1-OHP would be a better marker for occupational exposure to PAH in coke oven workers, and urinary 2naphthol might be better for non-occupational inhalation exposure to PAH. CYP1A1 would not play an important role in the metabolism of naphthalene but in the metabolism of pyrene.

A Case-Control Study on Effects of Genetic Polymorphisms of GSTM1, GSTT1, CYP1A1 and CYP2E1 on Risk of Lung Cancer / 예방의학회지

OBJECTIVES: This study was performed to investigate effects of genetic polymorphisms of glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1), glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTT1), cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) and cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) on lung cancer development. METHODS: Ninety-eight lung cancer patients and 98 age-sex matched non-cancer patients hospitalized in Chungbuk National University Hospital from March 1997 to August 1998, were the subjects of this case-control study. Direct interview was done and genotypes of GSTM1, GSTT1, CYP1A1 and CYP2E1 were investigated using multiplex PCR or PCR-RFLP methods with DNA extracted from venous blood. Effects of the polymorphisms of GSTM1, GSTT1, CYP1A1 and CYP2E1, lifestyle factors including smoking, and their interactions on lung cancer were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: GSTM1 was deleted in 67.01% of the cases and 58.16% of the controls, and the odds ratio(95% CI) was 1.46(0.82-2.62). GSTT1 deletion was 58.76% for the lung cancer patients and 50.00% for the controls OR:1.43(0.81-2.51). The frequencies of Ile/Ile, Ile/Val and Val/Val of the CYP1A1 polymorphisms were 59.18%, 35.71%, and 5.10% for the cases, and 52.04%, 45.92%, 2.04% for the controls, respectively. Risk of lung cancer was not associated with polymorphism of CYP1A1 (x2trend=0.253, p-value>0.05). The respective frequency of c1/c1, c1/c2, c2/c2 genotypes for CYP2E1 were 50.00%, 42.86%, 7.14% for the lung cancer patients, and 66.33%, 30.61%, 3.06% for the controls (x2trend=5.783, p<0.05). c2 allele was a significant risk factor for lung cancer. We also observed a significant association of cigarette smoking history with lung cancer risk. The odds ratio(95% CI) of cigarette smoking was 3.03(1.58-5.81). In multiple logistic analysis including genotypes of GSTM1, GSTT1, CYP1A1 and CYP2E1, and smoking habit, only smoking habit came out to be a significant risk factor for lung cancer. CONCLUSION: Genetic polymorphisms of GSTM1, GSTT1, CYP1A1 and CYP2E1 are not so strongly associated with lung cancer as lifestyle factors including cigarette smoking.